Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality globally. The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a pivotal role in HCC progression, characterized by dynamic ...

FasL, Fas ligand; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; mCSF1, membrane-bound colony stimulating factor-1; OX40L, OX40 ligand; TLR4, toll-like receptor 4; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha. With the increasing ...

School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4 D04 V1W8, Ireland ...

Activation of NF-κB is triggered by all TLRs from the plasma membrane and endosome, whereas TLR-induced IRF3 (TLR3 and TLR4) and IRF7 (TLR7–9) activation is initiated only from the endosome.

The manuscript contains important findings regarding inflammatory macrophage subsets that have theoretical and/or practical applications beyond the field of rheumatology. The authors demonstrate with ...