Ladder logic uses switch or relay contacts to implement Boolean expressions. In years past, ladder logic was made possible with discrete relays and was sometimes termed “relay logic.” Today most ...

A circuit is a closed loop containing various components. Electrical current flows around the circuit. Scientists use symbols to represent the different components in a circuit. Symbols are simplified ...

In this column, we take a closer look as to how timing and delays affect our logic circuits. As part of this, we start to consider the timing diagrams presented in data sheets. As I was writing my ...

Field-effect transistors based on carbon nanotubes have been shown to be faster and less energy consuming than their silicon counterparts. However, ensuring these advantages are maintained for ...

Fig 1. A typical CMOS input circuit comprises a “P” and “N” transistor. One is fully “on” for logic high, and the other is “on” for a logic low. Fig 2. When a CMOS input pin is at logic high or low ...

The JK flip-flop augments the behavior of the SR flip-flop (J = Set, K = Reset) by interpreting the J = K = 1 condition as a “flip” or toggle command. In my previous column, we introduced latches and ...