Z-scores measure how far a closed-end fund's current discount status is from its average premium or discount. Writers will often highlight the probability of a given Z-score, usually to bolster an ...

Z-score is an extremely useful technique not only for screening, but also for stock picking and portfolio structuring. A backtest shows that using a composite Z-score, based on PC, PTBV and PE ratios, ...

Forecasting fiscal stability in municipalities is increasingly critical as public entities face unprecedented financial challenges. Recent research has adapted Altman's renowned Z-Score model — ...