The adaptors activate other relay proteins inside the cell, and this chain of protein-protein interactions creates a signal transduction pathway that links an activated receptor to its response.

These intracellular signaling pathways, also called signal transduction cascades, typically amplify the message, producing multiple intracellular signals for every one receptor that is bound.

Dr. Ma adds, "Our results show that BB1 prevented the TNF-α increase in intestinal tight junction permeability via a toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 signal transduction pathway inhibition of NF-kB p50 ...