It was the spring of 1954, and Congress had voted, after some controversy, to insert the phrase into the Pledge of Allegiance, partly as a cold war rejoinder to "godless" communism. We kept ...

The Supreme Court established in 1943 no one can be compelled to pledge allegiance to the U.S. flag, but that didn’t stop a Texas teacher from taking issue with a Black student who abstained. HOUSTON ...