These most prominently include receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signalling through the Ras–MAPK and PI3K–AKT–mTOR pathways, Wnt signalling and sonic hedgehog (SHH) signalling, along with the ...

PI3K signaling pathways. Upon activation by RTK, GPCR, Integrin, and Ras, p110 loses inhibition by p85 and converts PIP2 to PIP3. PIP3 recruits AKT to the cell membrane, where AKT is activated ...