Similarly, the non-metal elements in groups 6 (IUPAC group 16) and 7 (IUPAC group 17), the ionic charge can be deduced by working out how many electrons must be gained to fill the outer shell.

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) held their biennial chemical education conference in Pattaya ... (and how many students really do the experiments?). For example, ...