The Earth’s crust discovery at the Atlantis Massif provided groundbreaking data on the mantle. Researchers obtained a solid core sample of peridotite, a rock made up of olivine and pyroxene.

Although this inner core is ... the upper mantle and the lower mantle. The boundary between the two lies about 465 miles (750 kilometers) beneath the Earth's surface. The crust is the outermost ...

The outermost is the crust, which is where we humans stand. The next layer is the mantle ... A 2024 study, for example, found that the rotation of Earth's core had slowed down.

The oldest crust on Earth, known to be unchanging ... the continent and is "both redirecting the flow of material in the mantle such that it is wearing away the bottom of the North American ...