A statistical test that allows one to determine whether observed quantities of a specific characteristic differed from the expected value purely by chance.

The chi-square goodness-of-fit test examines whether the children's hair color has ... and 3 percent black. The frequency table lists the variable values (hair color) in the order that they appear in ...

Sufficient replication within subpopulations is required to make the Pearson and deviance goodness-of-fit tests valid ... is distributed as chi-square when there is no replication in any of the ...

The chi-square value is calculated using the following formula: Using this formula, the difference between the observed and expected frequencies is calculated for each experimental outcome category.