CMOS current reference circuits play a critical role in modern integrated circuits by providing a stable and reproducible current source that remains unaffected by variations in supply voltage, ...

Modern circuit design is a “mixed signal” endeavor thanks to the availability of sophisticated process technologies that make available bipolar and CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor), ...

Fig 1. A typical CMOS input circuit comprises a “P” and “N” transistor. One is fully “on” for logic high, and the other is “on” for a logic low. Fig 2. When a CMOS input pin is at logic high or low ...

Current conveyor (CC) circuits are among the most common current-mode circuits and are used as critical building blocks in a variety of complex circuits. Unlike voltage-mode circuits, current-mode ...

As transistors are scaled to smaller dimensions, their static power increases. Combining two-dimensional (2D) channel materials with complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) logic architectures ...